IP Address

IP Version 4 addresses consist of 32 bits(0 through 31) partitioned into four groups of eight bits each. Each of this group is called an octet. It will be very difficult to understand and decipher the IP addresses if they were represented in the binary form and so they are reprsented in decimal form. Four decimal numbers separated by a dot, each standing for one octet. So, for example an IP address would look like this, 206.172.180.100.

CAPABILITY MATURITY MODEL

CMM stands for Capability Maturity Model. This was developed by Software Engineering Institute(SEI).

FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS

1. How to denote a fuzzy set?

IF X is the universe of discourse and x is a particular element of X, then a fuzzy set A defined on X may be written as a collection of ordered pairs:
A={(x,µA(A))}, x belongs to X
The pair (x, µA(A)) is called a singleton.
In crisp sets, a singleton is simply the element x by itself.
In fuzzy sets, a singleton is composed of two terms: x and µA(x).
A singleton is also written as µA(x)/x. That is by putting the membership function first followed by the ‘/’ symbol and is used to separate the function from x.
Singletons whose membership to a fuzzy set is 0 may be omitted.

PROPERTIES OF BINARY TREES

There are some basic properties of binary trees. It is better to know all of them and how to apply.For easier understanding I am giving it in a tabular form.

TYPES OF GRAMMAR

A grammar G is 4-tuple or quadruple G=(V,T,P,S) where 

V is set of variables or non-terminals.
T is set of terminals.
P is set of productions.
S is the start symbol.
Each production is of the form α -> β where α is a non empty string of terminals and/or non-terminals and β is string of terminals and/or non-terminals including the null string. This grammar is also called as phase-structure grammar.

Normalization

A table is in 1NF if there and no duplicate rows in the table. Each cell is single-valued.

A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and if all non-key attributes are dependent on all of the key. A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and if it has no partial dependencies

Marge Two Dimension character array (with structure) in C langauge

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
struct name
{
char fname[10][10],lname[10][10],con[10][10];

};

Implement Two Dimentional array with dynamic memory allocation in C Language

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
void main()
{
int r=3,c=3;//r=row,c=column
int *arr=(int*)malloc(r*c*sizeof(int));

Inline Function with C++

#include<iostream.h>
inline void output(char *str)
{
cout<<"\t"<<str;
}

Class Template in C++

#include <iostream.h>
template <class T>
class example {
  private:
T elems;

Friend function in c++

#include<iostream.h>
class example
{
private: int i;

National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA)

The National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA), established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India , is a premier organization dealing with capacity building and research in planning and management of education not only in India but also in South Asia.